Three-Dimensional Planning of the Mandibular Margin in Hemifacial Microsomia Using a Printed Patient-Specific Implant.

Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is also known as malformation of the first and second branchial arches (BAs), oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia syndrome, and Goldenhar syndrome. Possibilities resulting from CAD/CAM may be a valuable tool to existing procedures to treat these abnormalities. The aim of this study was to report a case where the planning and implementation of an intraorally inserted 2-part patient-specific mandible implant was used for the treatment of HFM esthetic remained problem after orthognathic surgery. A 20-year-old female patient who continued to suffer from the esthetic defect of the unilateral hypoplastic mandible after completion of the orthognathic surgery attended for consultation. Using CT scan and the software Geomagic Freeform (3D Systems, USA), a 2-piece titanium implant was designed and printed to restore the osseous frame of the basal border of the mandible. The base was made of solid polished titanium to minimize soft tissue abrasion. Due to its split design, the implant could be placed anatomically exactly at the mandibular margin via an intraoral access and to avoid damage of the mental nerve. There were no postoperative complications such as infections, soft tissue reactions to the implant, sensitivity disorders, or dehiscence. The occlusion was regular. A measurement of the postoperative x-rays showed a clear increase in bony symmetry. No postoperative pain or trismus was seen. Functionally, the therapy ended with the completion of wound healing and the jaw was fully resilient again. A combined treatment using PSI and additional autogenous fat grafting may represent a valid treatment option for the treatment of facial asymmetry in patients with HFM.

Odontoma composto associado a incisivo central superior impactado: relato de caso / Compound odontoma associated with impacted upper central incisor: case report

Introdução: o odontoma é um tipo de tumor do epitélio odontogênico com ectomesênquima, podendo estar relacionado à presença de dentes não irrompidos. O tratamento consiste em excisão cirúrgica da lesão. Nor-malmente, dentes impactados são assintomáticos, sendo descobertos em radiografias de rotina. A impactação é causada por fatores sistêmicos ou etiológicos locais. Objetivo: reportar um caso clínico de uma criança com impactação dentária de um incisivo central superior esquerdo associado a um odontoma, enfatizando e discutindo a técnica cirúrgica e o planejamento realizado. Relato de caso: paciente de 13 anos de idade, do gênero feminino, com a não erupção do incisivo central superior esquerdo, ao exame clínico, apresentou ausência clínica do dente 21, persistência do dente 61 e um discreto aumento de volume entre os elementos 61 e 22. Foi solicitada uma tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (cone beam) da região, na qual se diagnosticou a presença de uma massa radiopaca envolta por um halo radiolúcido sugestivo de odontoma composto, alterando a posição e impedindo a erupção do dente 21, que se encontrava em posição transal-veolar. O plano de tratamento proposto foi remoção cirúrgica do odontoma e tracionamento do dente não irrompido. Conclusão: a remoção cirúrgica de patologias associadas e as manobras referentes aos dentes envolvidos devem ser realizadas no momento mais oportuno e com adequado planejamento, evitando lesões a estruturas nobres e permitindo, assim, um processo de reparo adequado e uma completa restauração da saúde bucal do paciente. (AU)

Introduction: Odontoma is a type of tumor of the odontogenic epithelium with ectomesenchyme and it may be related to the presence of unerupted teeth. The treatment consists of surgical excision of the lesion. Usually, unerupted teeth are asymptomatic and discovered in routine radiographs. Impaction is caused by local systemic or etiological factors. Objective: The present study aims to report a clinical case of a child with an impacted upper central incisor associated with an odontoma, highlighting and discussing the surgical technique and treatment planning. Case report: A 13-year-old female patient without eruption of the left upper central incisor. After clinical examination, the absence of tooth 21, persistence of tooth 61, and a discrete volume increase between elements 61 and 22 were observed. A cone beam computed tomography of the region was requested, which diagnosed the presence of a radiopaque mass involved by a radiolucent halo suggestive of compound odontoma. This condition changed the position and prevented the eruption of tooth 21, which was found in a transalveolar position. The treatment plan proposed was the surgical removal of the odontoma and orthodontic traction of the unerupted tooth. Conclusion: The surgical removal of associated pathologies and maneuvers related to the teeth involved should be performed in a timely manner, with adequate planning, preventing lesions in noble structures, thus allowing an adequate repair process and a complete restoration of the oral health of the patient. (AU)

Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Associated With Lyophilized Bovine Bone in Reconstruction of Atrophic Maxilla.

Cases of severely atrophic edentulous maxilla require reconstruction techniques employing bone grafts to promote adequate bone dimension for the successful placement of dental implants for prosthetic rehabilitation that reestablishes the patient's function and aesthetics. This study aims to present a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla reconstruction with the off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (rhBMP-2) associated with lyophilized particulate bovine bone xenograft for the prosthetic rehabilitation with osseointegrable dental implants. The paper describes a case of severely atrophic edentulous maxilla in a 42-year-old woman referred to the dental school with complaint of failure in adaptating to the dentures. The patient reported 27 years of maxilla edentulism and consecutive treatment failures, so the proposed therapy was the reconstruction of the maxilla with an association of rhBMP-2 and lyophilized bovine bone xenograft for increasing bone volume and further prosthetic rehabilitation with osseointegrated dental implants. The present report illustrates a case of atrophic edentulous maxilla in which the off-label use of rhBMP-2 was successful and the patient's prosthetic rehabilitation could be concluded. The 8 dental implants received prosthetic functional load during 1 year of follow-up with no complications. Based on the case presented, the association between rhBMP-2 and a bovine bone xenograft could be considered a viable option for the reconstruction of atrophic edentulous maxilla. After a year of functional prosthetic load follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic and satisfactorily adaptated to the prosthesis, which restored her functional and aesthetic demands.

Changes in Cervical Lordosis After Orthognathic Surgery in Skeletal Class III Patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cervical lordosis and head posture changes using lateral cephalographs after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery for mandibular prognatism by null hypothesis. Twenty-five patients with skeletal class III dentofacial deformities (10 men, 15 women; mean age, 29.28 ±â€Š8.23 years; range 18-48 years) were included in this prospective clinical study. Lateral cephalographs were taken in natural head position (NHP) 2 weeks before and 6 months after orthognathic surgery. The reproducibility of the radiographer's technique of taking radiographs in NHP was investigated using a photographic method and found to be acceptable. All measurements for cervical lordosis (CV1/CV2; CV3/CV7; CV1/CV7), head posture (NSL/OPT; NSL/VER), and other cephalometric values (NSL/Go-Gn; NSL/OCL; Overjet) were repeated 3 times by the same blinded investigator at 2-week intervals and the average values of the 3 measurements were calculated to use in statistical analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged between 0.996 and 1.000, demonstrating a high reliability of the measures. Statistically significant differences were found for CV3/CV7 (P = 0.006) and CV1/CV7 (P = 0.005) and no significant differences were identified in head posture for both cranio-cervical and cranio-vertical angles. The null hypothesis was rejected. Orthognathic surgery resulted in significant cervical lordosis extension, and a tendency for head extension could also be observed.

Bone Substitutes in Le Fort I Osteotomy to Promote Bone Union and Skeletal Stability.

Maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy has become the standard procedure to restore function and facial esthetics, correct skeletal and occlusal discrepancies, and treat obstructive sleep apnea in patients with facial deformities. Incomplete ossification between the bone segments at the jaw osteotomy site has proven to be a major problem in these patients. There are several studies in the literature that address orthognathic surgery, but only a limited number that discuss the use of graft materials in maxillary osteotomy. Bone grafts were introduced in recent decades in order to promote and improve bone union and prevent the formation of gaps. This study will discuss the results obtained using bone substitutes in orthognathic surgery for maxillary advancement and maxillary repositioning with Le Fort I osteotomy, in a clinical report and a literature review, covering the main indications and specifying the type of material used and the stability of the surgical procedure postoperatively.

Correção de fratura fronto-naso-órbito-etmoidal: passos cirúrgicos para resultado estético / Correction of fronto-naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures: surgical steps for aesthetic outcome

As fraturas fronto-naso-órbito-etmoidal (FNOE) envolvem o centro superior e médio da face e são injúrias de difíceis diagnóstico e terapêutica. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames clínicos e de imagem por meio da tomografia computadorizada (TC). O tratamento das fraturas FNOE visa restaurar adequadamente a arquitetura do osso frontal, a correta distância intercantal entre as comissuras palpebrais mediais, a projeção do dorso nasal, o nivelamento do globo ocular, além da relação de drenagem do seio frontal pelo ducto frontonasal, que por muitas vezes, pode não estar patente, gerando possíveis processos patológicos. Sabe-se que a complexidade do trauma e, consequentemente, das fraturas, além do tempo de intervenção cirúrgica, repercute diretamente no resultado do tratamento funcional e estético. O avanço nas técnicas cirúrgicas, a TC, os materiais de osteossíntese atuais e a experiência coletiva dos cirurgiões, têm contribuído para a redução das sequelas resultantes das fraturas FNOE, oferecendo um resultado mais previsível. O objetivo deste estudo é reportar um tratamento de fratura FNOE, descrevendo os passos cirúrgicos realizados, discutindo suas vantagens e desvantagens e servindo de guia para cirurgiões e residentes, além de mostrar o resultado funcional e estético satisfatório... (AU)

The fronto-naso-orbital-ethmoid (FNOE) fractures involves the upper and middle portion of the face and it is injuries of difficult to diagnostic and therapeutic. The diagnosis is based on clinical exams and imaging tests by computed tomography. The treatment of FNOE fractures aims to restore properly the architecture of the frontal bone, the correct intercantal distance between the medial palpebral commissure, the projection of the nasal dorsum, the leveling of the eyeball, and the ratio of frontal sinus drainage by naso-frontal duct that by often cannot be patent, resulting in possible pathological processes. It is known that the complexity of the trauma and hence of fractures, and the time of surgery, directly affect in the outcome of the functional and aesthetic treatment. The advances in the surgical techniques, CT, current osteosynthesis materials and the collective experience of the surgeons, have helped to reduce the sequelae resulting of the FNOE fractures and providing an outcome more predictable. The aim of this study is to report a treatment of FNOE fracture describing the surgical steps performed, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and serving as a guide for surgeons and residents, besides showing satisfactory aesthetic and functional results... (AU)